Table of Contents
- What Is Insecure System Configuration?
- What Is Inadequate Identity and Access Management?
- What Is Ungoverned Usage of Third-Party Services?
- What Is the CI/CD Pipeline?
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What Is a Software Bill of Materials (SBOM)?
- Software Bill of Materials Explained
- Who Should Have a SBOM
- The Role of SBOMs in Cybersecurity and Compliance
- Why Is an SBOM Important?
- Software Composition Analysis and SBOMs
- How Does an SBOM Help Prevent Open-Source Supply Chain Attacks
- SBOM Formats
- Software Bill of Materials Best Practices
- SBOM FAQs
- What Is Software Composition Analysis (SCA)?
- What Is Static Application Security Testing (SAST)?
- What Is Code Security?
- What Is CI/CD Security?
- What Is Container Runtime Security?
- What Is Poisoned Pipeline Execution (PPE)?
- What Is Insufficient Pipeline-Based Access Controls?
- What Is Insufficient Logging and Visibility?
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What Is Insufficient Flow Control Mechanisms?
- CICD-SEC-1: Insufficient Flow Control Mechanisms Explained
- Importance of Robust Flow Control Mechanisms in CI/CD
- Preventing Insufficiency in Flow Control Mechanisms
- Best Practices to Ensure Sufficient Flow Control in CI/CD
- The Impact of New Technologies on Flow Control
- Insufficient Flow Control Mechanisms FAQs
- What Is Insufficient Credential Hygiene?
- What Is Improper Artifact Integrity Validation?
- How to Transition from DevOps to DevSecOps
- What Is Dependency Chain Abuse?
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Anatomy of a Cloud Supply Pipeline Attack
What Is Secure Software Development Lifecycle (Secure SDLC)?
5 min. read
Table of Contents
The software development lifecycle (SDLC) is a process for planning, implementing and maintaining software systems that has been around in one form or another for the better part of the last 60 years, but despite its age (or possibly because of it), security is often left out of the SDLC. In the current era of data breaches, ransomware and other cyberthreats, security can no longer be an afterthought.
Despite the perceived overhead that security efforts add to the SDLC, the reality is that the impact from a breach is far more devastating than the effort of getting it right the first time around. But, how do we add security to the already complex business of building software? Like most things, all it takes is strategically introducing best practices to make it part of the development process rather than a bottleneck within it.
Examples of Software Security Efforts
Before we get into how to incorporate security into the SDLC itself, it’s important to understand the types of activities that fall under the umbrella of “security” within a software organization. Here are just a few practices many organizations may already be implementing (or planning to implement) in some form or another. Keep in mind, this list is not exhaustive but is meant to illustrate the types of activities that can be employed to improve software security.
Static Analysis
Static analysis is the process of automatically scanning source code for defects and vulnerabilities. This is generally an automated process that identifies known patterns of insecure code within a software project, such as infrastructure as code (IaC) and application code, giving development teams an opportunity to fix issues long before they ever get exposed to an end user.
Security Scanning
Similar to static analysis, security scanning is a generally automated process that scans an entire application and its underlying infrastructure for vulnerabilities and misconfigurations. This can be introduced in the form of cross-site scripting analysis, port scanning or container vulnerability scanning (to name a few).
Code Reviews
While automated scanning is useful, it’s always beneficial to get a second set of human eyes on any code before releasing it into a production environment. Most development teams already implement code reviews to help catch defects and other logical errors, but with the right security mindset in place, code reviews can provide helpful oversight to ensure less common vulnerabilities don’t get introduced into the codebase as well.
Penetration Testing
A much more intensive practice, penetration testing involves hiring a cybersecurity professional to test the security of a company’s production infrastructure. A penetration tester may do everything from vulnerability analysis to actual exploit execution, and the process will result in a clear report of the different issues that slipped through any security testing checkpoints.
Bug Bounties
A newer practice that is similar to (but not the same as) penetration testing, bug bounties encourage users to report vulnerabilities they find themselves (for a reward, of course). Bug bounties are a great way to encourage people to report security issues they find to you rather than exploit them for their own personal gain.
Training
Never underestimate the power of a good education. The world of cybersecurity is always changing, and much of the advice and knowledge that was useful a decade ago no longer applies, just like what we know today will likely not be very valuable a decade from now. Security training can go a long way toward mitigating vulnerabilities at the most common source: human error.
The (Secure) Software Development Lifecycle
Integrating security into the software development lifecycle should look like weaving rather than stacking. There is no “security phase,” but rather a set of best practices and tools that can (and should) be included within the existing phases of the SDLC. From including stakeholders on the security team to using automated tools and promoting education, treating security as an evolution of the process and not just another item to check off the to-do list will make it more sustainable and (more importantly) valuable.
- Requirements
The first phase of the SDLC involves defining exactly what the problem is, what the security requirements are, and also what the definition of “done” looks like. This is the point where all bug reports, feature requests and vulnerability disclosures transition from a ticket to a project. In the context of a secure SDLC, the biggest challenge here is going to be prioritization. Including members of the security organization in the grooming process will ensure there is enough context to gauge the security impact of every new feature or fix that enters into the SDLC.
- Planning
After identifying the problem, we need to determine what the solution is. This is where we decide what we are going to build. As in the requirements phase, the planning phase should involve input and feedback from the security team to ensure the solution being proposed solves the problem in a way that is as secure as it is valuable to the customer.
- Design
With our security requirements in place, it’s now time to determine how we will achieve the designated solution within our application. From a software architecture standpoint, this generally involves designing the solution from end to end. What systems will be affected? Which services will be created or modified? How will users interact with this feature? Just as any design should be reviewed and approved by other members of the engineering team, it should also be reviewed by the security team so that potential vulnerabilities can be identified. For these first three phases, communication is key; otherwise, you run the risk of identifying security issues far too late in the process.
- Implementation
Now it’s time to build the thing. This is where the design gets turned into code and where some of the security practices mentioned above will start to come into play. Static analysis is an easy and cheap solution that can be run on every commit or push, giving development teams near-real-time feedback about the state of the code they are writing.
Once the code is complete and the code review process is triggered, a well-trained team should be on the lookout for both logical issues and potential security problems. Much like product quality, security in a healthy organization is the responsibility of every team member, not just those in the security organization.
- Testing & Deployment
After the code has been written and subsequently reviewed, it’s time to really test it out and then release it into the world. This is where more robust security scanning tools will come into play, allowing for a more in-depth analysis of the security of the application. Depending on the size of the feature and the resources available, this is also a good place to implement manual security testing. As vulnerabilities are found in this way, solutions can be built into existing automated tools to protect against regressions in the future.
- Maintenance
Releasing code into the wild is not a “set it and forget it” activity. It needs to be nurtured and cared for if you want to keep it working in tip-top shape. Resources change, bugs happen, and vulnerabilities are discovered every day. While the maintenance phase is generally used to identify and remediate defects in the code, it is also the point at which vulnerabilities will be discovered.
It’s important not to fool yourself into thinking that secure code will always stay secure. From supply chain risks to zero-day exploits, the security landscape is an ever-changing one, and having a process in place to identify and respond to problems as they arise is a critical step when implementing a secure SDLC.
- GoTo 1
Remember, the secure SDLC is a circle, not a line. Once you reach the end, you get to start all over again. Every bug, improvement or vulnerability identified in the testing and maintenance phases will kick off its own requirements phase. Secure software development, as a practice, is a constant cycle of continuous improvement.
Conclusion: Taking Things Further
While there are countless different ways to integrate security into the SDLC that your organization is already following, there are a number of robust specifications that can take your secure SDLC efforts to the next level. As you start to weave security into your own software development process, the resources that follow are great places to look for inspiration and guidance.
OWASP SAMM
The OWASP Software Assurance Maturity Model (SAMM) is the successor to the original OWASP Comprehensive, Lightweight Application Security Process (CLASP). It is a robust model that provides clear guidance for integrating security practices into the software development process, with an emphasis on tailoring security efforts to the appropriate risk profile for an organization.
NIST SSDF
The NIST Secure Software Development Framework (SSDF) is a set of fundamental secure software development practices based on established best practices from security-minded organizations (including OWASP). It breaks the SDLC into the following four categories, each aimed at improving an organization’s software security posture:
- Prepare the organization: Ensure the people, processes and technologies are prepared to perform secure software development at the organizational level and within individual development teams or projects.
- Protect the software: Protect all components of the software from tampering and unauthorized access.
- Produce well-secured software: Produce well-secured software with minimal security vulnerabilities in its releases.
- Respond to vulnerabilities: Identify residual vulnerabilities in software releases and respond appropriately to address those vulnerabilities and prevent similar vulnerabilities from occurring in the future.
Secure SDLC FAQs
Secure coding practices involve a set of guidelines and techniques designed to prevent vulnerabilities in software development. Developers must adhere to principles such as input validation, output encoding, and proper error handling to mitigate risks like SQL injection, cross-site scripting (XSS), and buffer overflows. Implementing least privilege access, using secure libraries, and avoiding deprecated functions are foundational.
Threat modeling is a structured approach to identifying, assessing, and mitigating security risks in software systems. It involves creating a detailed representation of the system, including data flows, assets, and potential threat actors. Security professionals use methodologies like STRIDE (Spoofing, Tampering, Repudiation, Information Disclosure, Denial of Service, Elevation of Privilege) or DREAD (Damage, Reproducibility, Exploitability, Affected Users, Discoverability) to systematically evaluate threats.
The threat modeling process includes defining security objectives, identifying potential threats, and determining the impact and likelihood of each threat. Mitigation strategies are then developed to address identified risks. Threat modeling helps prioritize security efforts, ensuring that critical vulnerabilities are addressed early in the development process, ultimately leading to more secure software.
Code review is a systematic examination of source code by developers other than the author to identify defects, improve code quality, and ensure adherence to coding standards. It involves checking for logical errors, security vulnerabilities, and compliance with best practices. Reviewers use techniques such as pair programming, over-the-shoulder reviews, and formal inspections. Automated tools can assist by flagging common issues, but human insight is crucial for detecting complex problems.
DevSecOps integrates security practices into the DevOps workflow, promoting a culture of collaboration between development, security, and operations teams. The goal is to embed security measures throughout the software development lifecycle, from initial design to production deployment. Automated security testing tools, such as SAST, DAST, and SCA, are integrated into the CI/CD pipeline to identify vulnerabilities early. IaC ensures that security configurations are consistently applied. Continuous monitoring and incident response capabilities help detect and address security issues in real-time. DevSecOps emphasizes shared responsibility for security, enabling teams to deliver secure software at a faster pace.
SAST is a method of analyzing source code, bytecode, or binary code for security vulnerabilities without executing the program. SAST tools scan the codebase to identify issues such as SQL injection, cross-site scripting (XSS), and buffer overflows. These tools provide detailed reports highlighting the location and nature of vulnerabilities, allowing developers to address them early in the development lifecycle. SAST is integrated into the CI/CD pipeline to ensure continuous security assessment.
DAST involves analyzing a running application to identify security vulnerabilities by simulating external attacks. Unlike SAST, which examines static code, DAST tests the application in its operational environment, interacting with its interfaces, inputs, and outputs. DAST tools perform automated scans to detect issues such as SQL injection, cross-site scripting (XSS), and authentication flaws. They provide real-time feedback on vulnerabilities that could be exploited by attackers.
DAST is typically integrated into the later stages of the CI/CD pipeline, complementing SAST by identifying runtime issues. By mimicking real-world attack scenarios, DAST helps ensure that applications are resilient against external threats and meet security standards before deployment.
Software composition analysis involves scanning and analyzing open-source and third-party components within a software application to identify security vulnerabilities, license compliance issues, and outdated dependencies. Many modern applications rely heavily on external libraries, making it vital to understand the risk profile of these components.
SCA tools automate the process by examining the software's bill of materials (BOM), cross-referencing known vulnerabilities in databases like the National Vulnerability Database (NVD), and flagging potential risks. They also provide insights into the licenses of included components, ensuring compliance with legal requirements.
CI/CD is a set of practices and tools designed to automate and streamline the software development lifecycle.
- Continuous integration (CI) involves automatically building, testing, and integrating code changes into a shared repository multiple times a day. This ensures that code is consistently tested, reducing integration issues and improving software quality.
- Continuous deployment (CD) extends CI by automating the release process, deploying code changes to production environments seamlessly.
CI/CD pipelines utilize tools like Jenkins, GitLab CI, and CircleCI to automate tasks such as unit testing, static code analysis, and deployment. By adopting CI/CD practices, organizations can achieve faster release cycles, improved collaboration, and a higher level of software quality, while also enabling rapid response to security vulnerabilities and other issues.
Vulnerability management is a proactive approach to identifying, assessing, prioritizing, and mitigating security vulnerabilities within an organization's IT infrastructure. It involves continuous monitoring and scanning of systems, applications, and networks. Once identified, vulnerabilities are assessed based on their severity, potential impact, and exploitability. Prioritization frameworks like CVSS (Common Vulnerability Scoring System) help determine the urgency of remediation efforts.
Security automation involves using software and tools to perform security tasks and processes without human intervention. Automation enhances efficiency, accuracy, and scalability in managing security operations. Key areas include automated threat detection, incident response, and vulnerability management. Tools like security orchestration, automation, and response (SOAR) platforms integrate with various security systems to streamline workflows. For example, they can automate the triage of security alerts, execute predefined response actions, and generate incident reports. Automation also extends to compliance checks, security testing, and patch management.
Penetration testing, or ethical hacking, involves simulating real-world attacks on an organization's systems, applications, and networks to identify security weaknesses. Highly skilled testers, often using methodologies like OWASP and PTES, exploit vulnerabilities to assess their impact and determine the effectiveness of existing security measures. Penetration tests can be black-box (no prior knowledge), white-box (full knowledge), or gray-box (partial knowledge).
A comprehensive penetration test includes reconnaissance, vulnerability scanning, exploitation, and post-exploitation analysis. Detailed reports provide actionable insights and recommendations for remediation.
Incident response plays a critical role in a secure SDLC by enabling organizations to detect, investigate, and mitigate security incidents swiftly. Integrating incident response into the SDLC ensures that security measures are continuously validated and refined. Automated monitoring tools and intrusion detection systems (IDS) can identify potential threats in real-time. Incident response teams analyze security events, determine the root cause, and initiate remediation actions to prevent recurrence. Post-incident reviews provide valuable insights for improving security policies and practices.
Secure design principles are foundational concepts aimed at building robust and resilient systems that can withstand and mitigate security threats. Principles like least privilege ensure that users and processes operate with the minimum necessary permissions, reducing the attack surface.
Defense in depth involves layering multiple security controls to provide redundancy and mitigate the risk of a single point of failure. Input validation and output encoding prevent injection attacks by ensuring data integrity.
Secure defaults ensure that systems start in a secure state and require deliberate actions to reduce security. Regularly updating and patching components addresses vulnerabilities promptly.
